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The 3D printing industry has been a leading high-tech in the last few years. As well as being widely used to protect ancient cultural relics in aerospace, manufacturing and other fields, the 3D-printing technology is continuously released in medical industry. Its value alone has an unlimited market. Here are the details:
Medical models and surgical guides can be customized using 3D printed medical models

To create a medical model, you can perform three-dimensional modelling based on CT or MRI images of the patient before the operation. You then print out the model using a 3-D printer. The main purpose of a 3D printed model is for the doctor to be able to visualize the three-dimensional shape of the surgical area before the surgery. This allows the doctor to plan the operation. This is especially useful for complex surgeries as it reduces the risks and increases the success rate.
Applications of 3D Printing in Dentistry

Dental clinics, laboratories and dentists need to take into consideration the cost of dental restorations and treatments. To improve efficiency and lower costs, many forward-thinking dental clinics have adopted digital dental technology. Recently, software-based dental restorations have gained popularity. Digital dental technology coupled with 3D printing offers high precision and efficiency at a low cost.

Applications of 3D Printing in Medical Device Manufacturing

The manufacturing of medical devices is similar to other products. For the verification of design, prototypes must be produced during the product development stage. Metal 3D-printing technology has the ability to perform complex surgical device production tasks. In order to repair an anterior cruciate knee ligament injury, the doctor first has to remove any remaining anterior ligament and then precisely replace the graft. In order to achieve accuracy and minimize invasiveness, doctors must use a sophisticated and specialized surgical tool. This nickel-chromium alloy is a hard-to-process metal. Traditional machining is required to make the tool, which takes a lot of time and costs a lot. In this situation, metal 3D-printing technology is a better option for manufacturing.

Use of 3D printing for manufacturing medicines

Three-dimensional printing has an impact on pharmaceuticals in four ways: first, it allows for personalized customization of active ingredients; second, it allows patients to have personalized treatment plans. This layer by layer printing method allows the different coatings to tightly combine with each other, so that the maximum dosage of a substance can be placed into a pill so that the patient is able to swallow a smaller tablet or even fewer. The third aspect is the ability to customize the shape. 3D-printing technology can be used to create various shapes that are appealing to children who do not like taking medicine.

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What is Calcium Stearate? Calcium stearate has a molecular structure of C36H70CaO4. It’s a white powder that is not soluble in water. This compound can be used to waterproof, lubricate, or add plastic.
Calcium stearate (also known as calcium oxide or stearic salt) is a common calcium salt found in food, cosmetics and plastics. The use of calcium stearate is not without its pros and cons.
Synthesis and use of calcium stearate
1. Synthesis of Calcium Stearate. The sodium stearate and calcium chloride solutions are mixed together at 65degC. The precipitation process separates the calcium stearate. The finished product is obtained after it has been filtered, washed in water and dried around 90degC.
2. In 300mL hot water at 55degC, dissolve 5.60g of calcium oxide (0.1mol). Pour 51.3g of stearic acetic acid, which is chemically pure, in 350mL water heated to 70degC. Add 0.7g of diethanolamine and stir it until it emulsifies. The prepared stearic-acid emulsion is added to the suspension of calcium oxide within 2h and thoroughly stirred. After that, the white, insoluble material, which is calcium stearate was filtered and dried.
3. Direct method: Add a certain quantity of stearic acids and CaO in a pot equipped with a stirring device and thermometer. Heat it until it melts. Slowly add the catalyst, H2O2, while constantly stirring. Apply a vacuum for controlling the reaction temperature to 140-150degC. The reaction lasts 1.52.0h. After the reaction has been completed, the material must be discharged, cooled down, and then crushed to produce the product.
4. Metathesis method – Dissolve the stearic solution in 20 times as much hot water. Add caustic soda saturated solution. Perform saponification at approximately 75degC. This will generate a dilute sodium stearate. The sodium stearate is then mixed with the calcium chloride solution containing 1074kg/m3. Metathesis is carried out around 65 degrees Celsius, and finally the product calcium-stearate is precipitated. The product is dried, washed, and filtered at around 90degC.
Calcium stearate applications
Calcium stearate has many uses, including as a heat stabilizer for polyvinylchloride, as a lubricant to release molds, and for plastic processing. When mixing lead soap with basic salt, it can accelerate the gelation process.
The non-toxic film and appliance, such as medical equipment and food packaging, also uses calcium stearate. Calcium stearate may also be used in polyethylene or polypropylene as a halogen-absorbing agent to reduce the harmful effects of residual catalyst on color stability and durability.
In rubber processing, calcium is used to soften rubber. It can be used on both natural rubber and synthetic, but it does not affect vulcanization. It is used in the production of plastic records as well as a lubricant, thickener, and waterproofing agent. As a halogen absorbent for polyethylene and polypropylene. Also used as a release agent and lubricant in thermosetting plastics like phenolic, amino and thickening agents for grease. Anticaking agents are made from food-grade Calcium Stearate.
Calcium stearate can also be used to make pencil lead and in medicine.

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Most solar panels in increasing numbers are based on silicon. Solar panels with a life span of 25 to 30 years tend to degrade over time and generate less electricity, which makes the recycling of silicon waste a hot topic. If no measures are taken to recycle silicon waste, by 2050, the earth will dump 60 million tons of waste photovoltaic panels.
Led by Stanislav Evlashin, a senior research scientist at the Skoltech Center for Design, Manufacturing, and Materials (CDMM), a team of researchers demonstrated a simple, 100% effective technique that can convert silicon wafers into nanoparticles in aqueous solutions. This discovery may help create an environmentally friendly silicon recycling method without the use of toxic chemicals.
The new conversion process is controllable and can control the size of nanoparticles, which can then be reused in medicine, optics, photonics and other fields.
Use hydrothermal synthesis in an aqueous environment to convert used panels into nanoparticles. The advantage of this process is that the size of the nanoparticles can be controlled in the range of 8 to 50 nm without the use of a lot of equipment.
Nanoparticle tracking analysis for measuring the environmental impact of nanomaterial waste and pollutants The team used three types of silicon wafers in the experiment: N-type (nitrogen-doped), P-type (phosphorus-doped), and HR (high resistivity). Their theoretical estimation is based on density functional theory and proved that Si-H bonds are formed on the surface of the HR plate, even if ammonia is not used as a catalyst.
In addition, the reaction can be accelerated with the help of additives such as boron and phosphorus dopants and molecular defects (in the case of solar panels).
The vast majority of methods used to synthesize silica nanoparticles are based on a bottom-up approach and therefore use alkoxides as precursors. In contrast, our approach is a top-down approach, using bulk silicon as the source, which creates a wealth of advantages such as simplicity, scalability, and controllable particle size distribution.
Bondareva added: “Temperature and hydrolysis time are the key parameters that affect the synthesis of particle size distribution. We noticed that the increase in pH has a great impact on the rate of particle formation. This is why we use ammonia, which makes the reaction speed is faster.”
We decided to figure out how nanoparticles are formed in this process, and so on. To this end, we used a heterogeneous nucleation model with a limited number of nucleation centers distributed on the surface of the silicon source.
About Silicon nanoparticles
Silicon nanoparticles (SiNP) are biocompatible metal-free quantum dots, including photoluminescence with customizable dimensions and surfaces. Silicon nanoparticles are composed of pure amorphous nano-silica. Less than 5 nanometers, a narrow particle size range. Nano-silicon powder is considered a new generation of optoelectronic semiconductor material having a wide bandgap semiconductor. Meanwhile, it is also a material having a high power light source.
As we all know, silicon nanoparticles are both absorptive and abrasive, and silicon nanoparticles are mesoporous, which have important applications in nanotechnology drug delivery and medicine. In the past few decades, silicon nanoparticles have attracted great attention due to their interesting physical properties, active surface state, unique photoluminescence and biocompatibility.
What are silicon nanoparticles used for?
1. The raw material of organic silicon polymer material that can react with organic matter.
2. The metal silicon is purified to produce polysilicon.
3. Metal surface treatment.
4. The alternative nano-carbon powder or graphite, as the negative electrode material of the lithium-ion battery, greatly increases the capacity of the lithium battery.
Physical and chemical properties of silicon nanoparticles
White emulsion, non-toxic, non-irritating, non-burning, PH value of 12, a density of 1.15 to 1.2. It is used for the base surface of brick, cement, gypsum, lime, paint, asbestos, perlite, insulation board, etc. with excellent waterproof and anti-seepage effect. It has the functions of preventing building weathering, freezing, cracking, exterior wall cleaning, anti-fouling, anti-mold, anti-growing, etc. ; reliable quality, good durability, acid and alkali resistance, excellent weather resistance, no corrosion to steel bars, safe use, and construction convenient. Mortar impermeability >=S14, the permeability of concrete >=S18.
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Aerogel refers to a Nano-scale porous solid material formed by the sol-gel method, using a certain drying method to replace the liquid phase in the gel with gas. Such as gelatin, gum Arabic, silica aerogel , hair, nails, etc. Aerogels also have the properties of gels, that is, they have swelling, thixotropy, and de-sizing effects. Aerogel is a solid material form, the smallest dense solid in the world. The density is 3 kilograms per cubic meter. The common aerogel is silicon aerogel. There are many types of aerogels, including silicon, carbon, sulfur, metal oxide, metal, and so on. Aerogel is a compound word, where aero is an adjective, which means flying, and gel is obviously a gel. Literally means a flying gel. The gel of any substance can be called an aerogel as long as it can be dried and removed from the internal solvent, but can basically keep its shape unchanged, and the product has high porosity and low density.
Preparation of silica aerogel
Aerogel was originally named by S. Kistler. Because he successfully prepared silica aerogel by supercritical drying method, he defined aerogel as the material obtained by supercritical drying of wet gel, called it is aerogel. In the mid to late 1990s, with the emergence and development of atmospheric drying technology, the generally accepted definition of aerogel in the mid to late 1990s is: no matter what drying method is used, as long as the liquid in the wet gel is absorbed by the gas Instead, while the network structure of the gel remains basically unchanged, the resulting materials are all called aerogels. The structural feature of aerogel is a cylindrical multi-branched Nano porous three-position network structure with high permeability, extremely high porosity, extremely low density, high specific surface area, and ultra-high pore volume rate. Its bulk density is Adjustable within the range of 0.003-0.500 g / cm-3. (The density of air is 0.00129 g / cm-3).
The preparation of aerogel usually consists of a sol-gel process and a supercritical drying process. In the sol-gel process, by controlling the hydrolysis and polycondensation reaction conditions of the solution, nanoclusters of different structures are formed in the solution, and the clusters adhere to each other to form a gel, and around the solid skeleton of the gel Full of liquid reagents remaining after the chemical reaction. In order to prevent the damage of the material structure caused by the surface tension in the micropores during the gel drying process, the supercritical drying process is used to treat the gel, and the gel is placed in a pressure vessel to increase the temperature and pressure to make the liquid in the gel phase change for the supercritical fluid, the gas-liquid interface disappears and the surface tension no longer exists. At this time, the supercritical fluid is released from the pressure vessel, and a porous, disordered, low-density gas with a Nano-scale continuous network structure can be obtained. Material gel.

As a thermal insulation material
The slender Nano network structure of silicon aerogel effectively limits the propagation of local thermal excitation, and its solid-state thermal conductivity is 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than that of the corresponding glassy materials. The Nano-pores suppress the contribution of gas molecules to heat conduction. The refractive index of silicone aerogel is close to 1, and the ratio of the annihilation coefficient to infrared and visible light is more than 100. It can effectively transmit sunlight and prevent infrared heat radiation from ambient temperature, making it an ideal transparent thermal insulation material . , Has been applied in solar energy utilization and building energy saving. By means of doping, the radiant heat conduction of silicon aerogel can be further reduced. The thermal conductivity of carbon-doped aerogel can be as low as 0.013 w / m K at room temperature and pressure, which is the solid material with the lowest thermal conductivity. It is expected to replace polyurethane foam as a new type of refrigerator insulation material. Incorporating titanium dioxide can make silicon aerogel become a new type of high-temperature thermal insulation material. The thermal conductivity at 800K is only 0.03w / mK, and it will be further developed as a new material for military products.
Due to its low sound velocity, silicon aerogel is also an ideal acoustic delay or high-temperature sound insulation material. The material has a large acoustic impedance variable range (103-107 kg / m2 s), and is an ideal acoustic resistance coupling material for ultrasonic detectors. For example, the commonly used acoustic resistance turns Zp = 1. 5 x l07 kg / Piezoelectric ceramics of m2 * s are used as ultrasonic generators and detectors, while the acoustic resistance of air is only 400 kg / m2 * s. Silicon aerogel with a thickness of 1/4 wavelength is used as the acoustic resistance coupling material between piezoelectric ceramics and air. It can improve the transmission efficiency of sound waves and reduce the signal-to-noise ratio in device applications. Preliminary experimental results show that silica aerogel with a density of about 300 kg / m3 as a coupling material can increase the sound intensity by 30 dB. If a silica aerogel with a density gradient is used, a higher sound intensity gain can be expected.
In environmental protection and chemical industry. Nano-structured aerogel can also be used as a new type of gas filtration. The difference from other materials is that the material has uniform pore size distribution and high porosity. It is a high-efficiency gas filtration material. Because the material is particularly large than the table and accumulate. Aerogels also have broad application prospects as new catalysts or catalyst carriers.

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What is Boron Carbide?

Boron carburide (also known as black diamand) is an organic material with the molecular formula B4C. It’s a gray-black fine powder. It is among the three hardest substances known (the two others being diamond and cubic boron-nitride). It’s used in bulletproof vests, tank armor and many other industrial applications. Its Mohs hardness rating is 9.3.

Boron carbide absorbs a large amount of neutrons and does not form radioisotopes. It is therefore an ideal neutron absorption material in nuclear power plants. Neutron absorbers are used to control nuclear fission. Boron carbide, which is used in nuclear reactors, is mostly made into a controlled rod shape. But sometimes it’s made into powder due to the increased surface area.

Due to its low density, it is a good material for lightweight armor and ceramic reinforcement phases. It is widely used in ceramic reinforcing phase, lightweight armor, neutron absorbers and other applications. As boron carbide can be easily manufactured and is less expensive than diamond and cubic Boron Nitride, it is used more often. It can be used in place of expensive diamonds and is often used for grinding, drilling, and grinding.

Boron carbide Powder Uses

(1) The field is national defense. Bullet-proofing has been done with boron carbide ceramics since the 1960s. Comparing it to other materials, its characteristics are easy portability and high toughness. It is used to make the lightweight armor on armed helicopters as well as the bulletproof aircraft armor. It was used as a raw materials by the British in order to manufacture armor capable of defending against armor-piercing projectsiles.

(2) In terms of raw chemical materials. To increase the wear resistance of alloy materials and their strength, boron-carbide is used as an alloying agent. This can be boronized onto the metal surface in order to form a thin iron boride layer; it can be used as the boron source for generating boride by reduction or method such as TiB2, ZrB2, CriB2, “B4C Method” to prepare boron chloride, hydrogen boride etc.

(3) Wear-resistant field. Boron carbide ceramics are visible in a number of industrial nozzles. These include desander nozzles and nozzles designed for high-pressure water gun cutting. These nozzles are preferred by factories for their durability under extreme conditions, and because they offer high-quality performance at a low cost. . It can also be used to avoid pollution due to abrasive waste during grinding. As a diamond abrasive substitute, boron carbide can be used to reduce the cost of processing various metals as well as jade glass.

(4) Nuclear energy. boron-carbide is commonly used as a neutron absorber in safety rods, control rods and other components. This helps to regulate the rate of nuclear fission, while also protecting human safety.

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